Selenium plasma levels in hemodialysis patients: Comparison between North and Southeast of Brazil / Níveis de selênio plasmático em pacientes em hemodiálise: Comparação entre Norte e Sudeste do Brasil

Introduction: Patients with chronic kidney disease present selenium (Se) plasma deficiency which is an essential trace element with important biological functions and, the best known biological role is attributed to its presence in the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GPx). The Se content of foods depends on soil and some authors have suggested that Amazon soil (North Brazilian region) has high Se concentrations when compared to other regions of Brazil. Objective: The objective of this work was to compare the Se status in hemodialysis (HD) patients from North and Southeast of Brazil. Methods: Thirty-eight patients from Southeast region (22 men and 16 women, 15% diabetic, 53.5 ± 26.4 yrs) were compared to 40 patients from North region (28 men and 12 women, 22.5% diabetic, 63.5 ± 11.9 yrs). Se in plasma was determined through atomic absorption spectrophotometry with hydride generation. Results: The plasma Se levels in patients from Southeast region were significantly lower (17.5 ± 11.9 μg/L) when compared to patients from the North (37.1 ± 15.8 μg/L) (p < 0.001). However, both patient groups presented low Se plasma levels when compared to recommended values (60- 120 μg/L). There was no correlation between plasma Se levels and analyzed parameters. Conclusion: We concluded that patients from North (Amazon) region present higher plasma Se levels when compared to the patients from Southeast of Brazil. However, independently of the region, HD patients presented Se deficiency. .

Introdução: Pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica apresentam deficiência de selênio (Se), um elemento essencial, com importantes funções biológicas, como a de ser componente da enzima antioxidante glutationa peroxidase (GPx). A concentração de Se nos alimentos depende de sua concentração no solo e autores relatam que o solo da Amazônia possui elevados níveis de Se. Objetivo: O objetivo do trabalho foi comparar o estado nutricional do Se em pacientes em hemodiálise (HD) das regiões Norte e Sudeste do Brasil. Métodos: Trinta e oito pacientes da região Sudeste (22 homens e 16 mulheres, 15% diabéticos, 53,5 ± 26,4 anos) foram comparados com 40 pacientes da região Norte (28 homens e 12 mulheres, 22,5% diabéticos, 63,5 ± 11,9 anos). O Se no plasma foi determinado por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica por geração de hidretos acoplados a cela de quartzo. Resultados: Os níveis de Se dos pacientes em HD da região Sudeste foram significativamente menores (17,5 ± 11,9 μg/L) comparados aos pacientes da região Norte (37,1 ± 15,8 μg/L) (p < 0,001). Entretanto, ambos os grupos apresentaram níveis de Se abaixo da recomendação (60-120 μg/L). Não houve associação entre os níveis de Se e os parâmetros analisados. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados, concluímos que os pacientes da região Norte apresentaram elevados níveis de Se quando comparados com os pacientes da região Sudeste do Brasil. Entretanto, independentemente da região, ambos os grupos apresentaram deficiência com relação ao estado nutricional do Se. .

Retrieval of Trichostrongylus colubriformis infective larvae from grass contaminated in winter and in spring / Recuperação de larvas infectantes de Trichostrongylus colubriformis em gramíneas contaminadas no inverno e na primavera

The survival of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis was evaluated on Brachiaria, Coast-cross and Aruana forage grasses. Feces of sheep parasitized exclusively by T. colubriformis were deposited in winter and spring on experimental plots whose grasses were cut at two heights: 5 cm and 30 cm. One, two, four, eight, 12 and 16 weeks after depositing the feces, fecal and forage samples were collected for the retrieval and quantification of L3. Retrieval of L3 from feces and forage was negligible in winter due to the dry weather, although a few larvae were retrieved in the last larval collections. However, L3 retrieval from fecal samples was greater in spring, especially two weeks after feces were deposited on 30 cm high grasses. At this time, the L3 retrieval rate from the three forage grasses differed significantly (P <0.05), with Aruana grass showing the highest average L3 retrieval rate, followed by Coast-cross and Brachiaria. In conclusion, the winter drought proved very unfavorable for the presence of L3 in the environment, and the microclimate of Aruana pastureland was generally the most favorable for the retrieval of infective larvae.

A sobrevivência de larvas infectantes (L3) de Trichostrongylus colubriformis foi avaliada em pastagem de Braquiária, Coast-cross e Aruana. Fezes de ovinos parasitados exclusivamente por T. colubriformis foram depositadas no inverno e na primavera em parcelas experimentais com duas alturas de corte da forragem, 5 cm e 30 cm. Uma, duas, quatro, oito, 12 e 16 semanas após o depósito, amostras de fezes e de forragem foram coletadas para a recuperação e quantificação de L3. Devido à seca no inverno, a recuperação de L3 das fezes e da forragem foi ínfima, embora tenha havido recuperação de algumas larvas nas últimas coletas. Por outro lado, na primavera houve maior recuperação de L3 das amostras, especialmente duas semanas após a deposição das fezes em meio às pastagens com 30 cm de altura. Nesse momento, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre as três forrageiras, com maior média de L3 no capim Aruana, seguido de Coast-cross e Braquiária. Em conclusão, a seca registrada no período de inverno se mostrou bastante desfavorável à presença de L3 no ambiente e, de forma geral, o microclima da pastagem de Aruana foi o que mais favoreceu a recuperação de larvas infectantes.

The Expression of Thymidine Phosphorylase in Cancer-infiltrating Inflammatory Cells in Stomach Cancer

Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) has shown to be up-regulated in several cancers and to play a role in angiogenesis and invasion. Most studies regarding TP have focused on cancer cells. Recently, evidences suggest that TP in cancer-infiltrating inflammatory cells (CIICs) also affect the cancer cell behavior. To evaluate the significance of TP expression of CIICs in gastric cancer, we assessed TP expression of cancer cells and CIICs separately using immunohistochemical assay on 116 paraffin-embedded tissue samples from stomach cancer patients and investigated their clinical significance. When subjects were divided into 4 groups according to the TP expression: cancer/matrix (+/+), C/M (+/-), C/M (-/+), and C/M (-/-), intratumoral microvessel density scores were higher in the C/M (+/-) group than in the C/M (-/-) group (p=0.02). For lymph node metastasis and survival, there were no significant differences among the 4 groups. However, there were significant differences in survival (p=0.035) and LN metastasis (p=0.023) between the two groups divided by TP expression of CIICs alone irrespective of TP expression of cancer cells. Taken together, this study suggested the TP expression in CIICs could affect lymph node metastasis and patients' survival in gastric cancer.